Which variable is an example of an external variable?

• A. Socioeconomic factors are external variables.
• B. Spiritual factors are internal variables.
• C. Developmental issues are external variables.
• D. Perception of functioning is internal variables.

Answer: (A)

External variables come from outside the person and shape outcomes through the environment they live in. Socioeconomic factors fit this, since income, education, housing, and access to resources are part of a person’s surroundings, not something inside them.

Spiritual factors are internal beliefs and values carried within the person, not external conditions. Perception of functioning is a subjective inner assessment of how someone feels they are functioning, also internal. Developmental issues are about the person’s growth and development, typically considered internal attributes, even though environment can influence them.

Thus, socioeconomic factors are the best example of an external variable.